The effects of repeated doses of xylazine-ketamine and medetomidineketamine anesthesia on DNA damage in the liver and kidney

Purpose: This study evaluated the DNA damage caused by repeated doses of xylazine-ketamine and medetomidine-ketamine anesthesia in the liver and kidneys. Methods: In this study, 60 rats were used. The rats were divided into group 1 (xylazine-ketamine), and group 2 (medetomidine-ketamine), and these anesthetic combinations were administered to the rats at repeated doses with 30-min intervals. The effects of these anesthetic agents on the tumor necrosis factor-alpha gene for DNA damage were investigated. Results: According to the gene expression results, it was observed that a single dose of xylazine-ketamine was 2.9-fold expressed, while first and second repeat doses did not show significant changes in expression levels. However, in the case of the third repetition, it was observed to be 3.8-fold overexpressed. In the case of medetomidine-ketamine administration, it was observed that a single-dose application resulted in a 1.04-fold expression, while the first and the third repeat doses showed a significant down expression. The samples from the second repeat dose administration group were found to have insignificant levels of expression. Conclusions: This study can contribute to understanding the safe anesthetic combination in research and operations in which xylazine-ketamine and medetomidine-ketamine combinations are used.

A new anesthetic protocol to medullary nerve roots access in rats

ABSTRACT Purpose: To describe a new anesthetic protocol medullary and nerve roots access and in Rattus norvegicus. Methods: Seventy female Wistar rats (n=70) were used. The animals were randomly divided into two laminectomy groups: cervical (n=40) and thoracic (n=30). In cervical group, a right posterior hemilaminectomy was performed to access the nerve roots. In thoracic group, a laminectomy of the eighth thoracic vertebra was accomplished. Thirty-five rats (20 cervical and 15 thoracic) were submitted to old anesthetic protocol (ketamine 70 mg/kg plus xylazine 10 mg/kg); and the 35 other animals (20 cervical and 15 thoracic) were submitted to a new anesthetic protocol (ketamine 60 mg/kg,xylazine 8 mg/kg and fentanyl 0.03 mg/kg). Results: The time to complete induction was 4.15 ±1.20 minin ketamine, xylazine and fentanyl group, and it was 4.09 ±1.47 min in the ketamine and xylazine group. There was no correlation in the time required to perform the cervical laminectomy in the old anesthetic protocol. In all groups, the animals submitted to the old anesthetic protocol had a higher level of pain on the first and third postoperative days than the animals submitted to the new anesthetic protocol. Conclusions: The new anesthetic protocol reduces the surgical time, allows better maintenance of the anesthetic plan, and brings more satisfactory postoperative recovery.

Histomorphometric comparison of the corpus cavernosum of rats submitted to euthanasia with ketamine and xylazine or isoflurane

ABSTRACT Purpose: To compare the penile histoarchitecture of rats euthanized with isoflurane or with ketamine and xylazine. Methods: Fourteen male rats were divided into two groups: ISO, with animals euthanized with isoflurane; and K+X, with animals euthanized with ketamine (150 mg/kg) associated with xylazine (15 mg/kg). Immediately after the death, the penises were dissected, fixed in a 4% buffered formalin solution, and processed for histomorphometric analysis. The surface densities (Sv) of the corpus cavernosum structures (connective tissue, smooth muscle, sinusoidal space, and elastic fibers) were evaluated using Image J software. The distribution of collagen types I and III was qualitatively assessed. Statistical analyses were performed using the Student's t test for data comparison, considering it statistically significant when p < 0.05. Results: Regarding the Sv of connective tissue, smooth muscle and sinusoidal space, there were no differences between animals in both groups. On the other hand, the animals euthanized with the association of ketamine and xylazine showed the Sv of elastic fibers 24.8% higher in relation to animals euthanized with isoflurane. Conclusions: The euthanasia method affected one of the morphological parameters of the rat penises. The choice of euthanasia method must be standardized to reduce bias and to obtain reliable and reproducible results.

Esketamine may be an ideal substitute for ketamine during cochlear function measurement

The mixture of ketamine and xylazine is widely used for the auditory brainstem response (ABR) measurement. Esketamine is twice as potent as ketamine. Our objective was to assess the influence of esketamine in mice undergoing cochlear function measurement including ABR and distortion product otoacoustic emission (DPOAE) measurement. C57Bl/6J mice were treated with an equivalent dose of analgesia and received either a single intraperitoneal (ip) injection of 100 mg/kg ketamine and 25 mg/kg xylazine or 50 mg/kg esketamine and 25 mg/kg xylazine. Hearing thresholds, peak latencies of waves I and V, and DPOAE thresholds were recorded. Time to loss of righting and time to regain righting were also assessed. We found that hearing thresholds, the peak latencies of waves I and V, and DPOAE thresholds were similar between the two groups (all P>0.05). Time to regain righting was significantly shorter in the esketamine group (P<0.001) than in the ketamine group. We concluded that when using equivalent doses of analgesia, esketamine may be an ideal substitute for ketamine during cochlear function test.

Rabbit growth plate morphology in temporary bilateral blocking / Morfología de la placa de crecimiento de conejos durante bloqueo bilateral temporario

Blocking of the growth plate (GP) using plates with screws (tension band plating) is a modern method used to correct deformities and moderate leg length discrepancy in growing children. Determining the duration of temporary bilateral blocking without the occurrence of irreversible changes of GP is of paramount importance important. Methods: Two-month-old Californian breed male rabbits (n=30) were exposed to bilateral blocking of the distal GP of the right femur locking plates with screws for 3, 5, and 7 weeks. The fixators were removed after 5 and 7 weeks in 18 rabbits and 3 weeks after that, animals were sacri!ced. The contralateral limb was used as a control. Histological, histomorphometric, and X-ray analyses were performed. Results: During GP blocking, its height gradually decreased. This decreased was more pronounced after 7 weeks. Destructive changes progressed with an increase in the blocking duration. Three weeks after discontinuation of the bilateral blocking that lasted 5 weeks, the height of the GP signi!cantly increased 1.2 times on the lateral side and 1.9 times on the medial side (p<0.001) compared to the control. When blocking was discontinued after 7 weeks, the structure of the GP was partially restored after 3 weeks, the height of GP signi!cantly increased 1.2 times on the lateral side, and 1.07 times on the medial side (p<0.01) compared to the control. Conclusion: Restoration of the structuralfunctional features of the GP after the removal of the plates depends on the duration of temporary bilateral blocking, which must be taken into account in the clinical setting. (AU)

El bloqueo de la placa de crecimiento (PC) utilizando placas con tornillos (banda de tensión) es un método moderno utilizado para corregir deformidades y alteraciones moderadas en la longitud de las piernas en niños en crecimiento. Es de suma importancia determinar cuál debe ser la duración del bloqueo bilateral temporal sin que ocurran cambios irreversibles en la PC. Métodos: Conejos machos de raza californiana de dos meses de edad (n = 30) fueron expuestos al bloqueo bilateral de la PC distal colocando placas del fémur derecho con tornillos durante 3, 5 y 7 semanas. Los fijadores fueron retirados después de 5 y 7 semanas en 18 de los conejos, y 3 semanas después los animales fueron sacrificados. La extremidad contralateral se utilizó como control. Se realizaron análisis histológicos, histomorfométricos y de rayos X. Resultados: Durante el bloqueo de la PC, su altura disminuyó gradualmente. Esta disminución fue más pronunciada después de 7 semanas. Los cambios destructivos se incrementaron a medida aumentaba la duración del bloqueo. Tres semanas después de la interrupción del bloqueo bilateral que duró 5 semanas, la altura de la PC aumentó significativamente 1.2 veces en el lado lateral y 1.9 veces en el lado medial (p <0.001) en comparación con el control. Conclusión: La restauración de las características funcionales estructurales de la PC después de la extracción de las placas depende de la duración del bloqueo bilateral temporal, lo que debería tenerse en cuenta en el tratamiento clínico de estas alteraciones. (AU)

Safety and efficacy of ketamine xylazine along with atropine anesthesia in BALB/c mice

Anesthetics are an indispensable prerequisite for surgical intervention and pharmacological animal studies. The objective of present study was to optimize the dose of ketamine (K) and xylazine (X) along with atropine sulfate (A) in order to achieve surgical tolerance in BALB/c mice. Several doses of ketamine (100, 150, 200 mg/kg) and xylazine (10, 15, 20 mg/kg) were mixed and combination of nine doses (K/X: 100/10, 100/15, 100/20, 150/10, 150/15, 150/20, 200/10,200/15,200/20) were evaluated (n=9 per combination). A constant dose of atropine (0.05 mg/kg) was also used to counter side effect. Time-related parameters were evaluated on the basis of reflexes. KX at dose 200/20 mg/kg produced surgical tolerance in all nine mice with duration 55.00±6.87 minutes. The induction time 0.97±0.09 minutes, sleeping time 90.67±5.81 minutes and immobilization time (102.23±6.83 minutes) were significantly higher than all combination. However, this combination was considered unsafe due to 11 % mortality. While, KX at dose 200/15 mg/kg results in none of the mortality, so was considered as safe. Moreover, this combination produces surgical tolerance in 89 % mice with duration (30.00±7.45 minutes). It was concluded that KX at dose 200/15 mg/kg along with atropine 0.05 mg/kg is safe for performing surgical interventions in BALB/c mice.

Sedative, analgesic, behavioral and clinical effects of intravenous nalbuphine-xylazine combination in camels (Camelus dromedarius)

This study examined the sedative, analgesic, behavioral, and clinical effects of a combination of xylazine (XY) and nalbuphine-xylazine (NA-XY) in camels. A total of five adult camels were used in a prospective randomized cross-over design with a wash out period of two weeks. Camels were allocated randomly to two treatment groups: the XY group (xylazine, 1.1mL/100 kg IV) and the NA-XY group (xylazine, 1.1mL/100 kg IV and nalbuphine, 1 mg/kg IV). The sedative, analgesic, behavioral, and clinical effects of XY and NA-XY combination were evaluated prior to administration (baseline) and at 5, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, and 120 minutes post-administration. The results showed that the NA-XY combination accelerates the onset of sedation and analgesia and prolongs the durations of both sedation (p < 0.001) and analgesia (p < 0.01). The behavioral parameters showed higher scores with a NA-XY combination than xylazine alone. Although a XY injection resulted in a significant decline in the heart and respiratory rate, the NA-XY combination group revealed a non-significant change in both clinical parameters compared to the baseline. In conclusion, the use of a NA-XY combination in camels improved the sedative and analgesic onset and duration with an improved outcome in the behavioral scores, as well as in both the heart and respiratory rates compared to XY alone.

Protective effects of Tadalafil and darbepoetin against ischemia - reperfusion injury in a rat testicular torsion model

ABSTRACT Objectives: To evaluate protective effects of darbepoetin and tadalafil against ischemia-reperfusion injury in ipsilateral and contralateral testicle. Materials and Methods: Thirty 3-month-old adult male Wistar-Albino rats were randomly divided into 5 groups (A-E). Sham operation was performed in the first group. In Group B, rats did not received any medication after creating 720 degrees torsion of the left testis. The rats in Group C, D and E received darbepoetin, tadalafil, and darbepoetin/tadalafil combination 30 minutes after creating 720 degrees torsion of the left testis, respectively. The testes of rats in these three groups were detorsioned at 90 minutes after drug administration. Both testes were removed at 30 minutes after detorsion. Results: There were significant differences between the groups in terms of the degree of histopathological damage, Johnsen score, fibrosis score and caspase-3 immunoreactivity in the torsioned testes (p: 0.000). The results for each parameter in the left testes were significantly better in the darbepoetin / tadalafil combination group. Similarly, there were also significant differences in the contralateral testes (p: 0.000). Conclusion: The active substances darbepoetin and tadalafil that were used as a combination had protective effects on both testes and produced out better results in preserving testicular histology. Especially in cases where it is not possible to rescue the torsioned testis, this result was more noticeable in the contralateral testis.

Contenção farmacológica do rato-do-bambu (Dactylomys dactylinus Desmarest, 1817) e relato de ocorrência da espécie na região Sul do Brasil / Chemical restraint of the Amazon Bamboo Rat (Dactylomys dactylinus Desmarest, 1817) and of the occurrence of the species in southern Brazil

Um exemplar de rato-do-bambu (Dactylomys dactylinus) subadulto saudável do sexo feminino, de vida livre, com massa corporal de 0,32 kg, recebeu por via intramuscular, em uma única injeção, doses de tiletamina, zolazepam, xilazina e atropina calculadas por meio de extrapolação alométrica interespecífica, a partir das recomendações usuais para o cão doméstico de 10,0 kg (tiletamina/zolazepam - 5,0mg/kg, xilazina - 1,0mg/kg) e atropina - 0,05mg/kg). O rato perdeu a reação postural de endireitamento em 2,3 minutos pós-injeção (MPI) e recuperou a capacidade de deambular normalmente em 135 MPI. A frequência cardíaca variou de 360 a 188 bpm (226±62), a frequência respiratória de 128 a 112mpm (120±5), e a temperatura retal de 36,2 a 33,5°C (34,4±1,0). A analgesia e o miorrelaxamento foram considerados bons para a realização de procedimentos indolores ou pouco dolorosos de curta duração, como exame físico, colheita de material biológico, biometria, exames de imagem e marcação. A associação de fármacos permitiu a manipulação segura do animal por 63 MPI. A recuperação foi considerada satisfatória, porém prolongada. Destaca-se que este é primeiro registro de ocorrência da espécie na Região Sul do Brasil, e o primeiro relato de contenção farmacológica desse roedor neotropical.(AU)

One subadult healthy free-living female Amazon Bamboo Rat (Dactylomys dactylinus), weighting 0.32 kg, received tiletamine HCl, zolazepam HCl, xilazine HCl and atropine sulfate, combined in a single intramuscular injection. All doses were calculated by interspecific allometric scaling, using as model a 10.0 kg domestic dog (tiletamine/zolazepam -5.0mg/kg), xylazine -1.0mg/kg), and atropine - 0.05mg/kg). Immobilization occurred in 2.3 minutes after injection (MAI) and returno to normal ambulation was observed in 135 MAI. Heart rate remained between 360 and 188 beats/minute (226±62), respiratory rate between 128 and 112 breaths/minute (120±5), and body temperature ranged from 36.2 to 33.5°C (34.4±1.0). Analgesia and myorelaxation were considered good for painless or mild painful fast procedures as physical examination, biological sampling, biometrics, imaging tests and tagging. The proposed anesthetic protocol was safe and effective, allowing safe manipulation of the animal during 63 MAI. The recovery was satisfactory, but prolonged. This is the first record of the species in Southern Brazil and the first report on its chemical restraint.(AU)

Establishment of an anesthetic protocol for semen collection by electroejaculation in six-banded armadillos (Euphractus sexcinctus Linnaeus, 1758) / Estabelecimento de um protocolo anestésico para coleta de sêmen por eletroejaculação em tatus-peba (Euphractus sexcinctus Linnaeus, 1758)

The aim was to verify the effects of different anesthetic protocols used during electroejaculation (EEJ) in six-banded armadillos (Euphractus sexcinctus). Four sexually matured animals were physically restrained and subjected to semen collection by the EEJ following three treatments: The control group consisted of no use of anesthesia; in the others, the anesthetic combinations xylazine/ketamine/propofol or butorphanol/ ketamine/propofol were administered. For each group, twelve procedures were conducted for EEJ. Semen was evaluated for volume, color, aspect, motility, sperm concentration, morphology, viability, and functional membrane integrity. The highest efficiency (100% ejaculates) was achieved when the control group was used; the xylazine/ketamine/propofol association provided only 11 ejaculates from a total of 12 attempts (91.6% efficiency), while only 4 ejaculates (33% efficiency) were obtained with butorphanol/ketamine/propofol (P<0.05). Both protocols provided rapid induction and relaxation enough to perform the EEJ. In the use of butorphanol/ketamine/propofol, the animals recovered at 16.5±1.5min, a time shorter than in the use of xylazine/ketamine/propofol protocol, 20.7±1.0min (P>0.05). The semen volume and sperm concentration obtained in the use of xylazine/ketamine/propofol association were significantly higher than those verified for butorphanol/ketamine/propofol protocol. In conclusion, the xylazine/ketamine/propofol association is indicated for anesthesia of six-banded armadillos submitted to EEJ.(AU)

Objetivou-se verificar os efeitos de diferentes protocolos anestésicos usados durante a eletroejaculação (EEJ) em tatus-peba (Euphractus sexcinctus). Quatro animais sexualmente maduros foram contidos fisicamente e submetidos à coleta de sêmen por EEJ, seguindo três tratamentos: o grupo controle consistiu do não uso de anestesia; nos outros, foram administradas combinações anestésicas de xilazina/cetamina/propofol, ou butorfanol/cetamina/propofol. Para cada grupo, foram conduzidos 12 procedimentos de EEJ. O sêmen foi avaliado para volume, cor, aspecto, motilidade, concentração de espermatozoides, morfologia, viabilidade e integridade funcional da membrana. A mais alta eficiência (100% de ejaculados) foi alcançada quando o grupo controle foi utilizado; a associação de cetamina/xilazina/propofol forneceu apenas 11 ejaculados de um total de 12 tentativas (de eficiência 91,6%), enquanto apenas quatro ejaculados (eficiência de 33%) foram obtidos com butorfanol/cetamina/propofol (P<0,05). Ambos os protocolos forneceram rápida indução e relaxamento suficientes para executar a EEJ. Na utilização de butorfanol/cetamina/propofol, os animais se recuperaram em 16,5±1,5min, um tempo mais curto do que no uso de xilazina/cetamina/protocolo de propofol, 20,7±1,0min (P>0,05). O volume de sêmen e a concentração espermática obtidos no uso da associação xilazina/cetamina/propofol foram significativamente maiores do que os verificados para o protocolo butorfanol/cetamina/propofol. Em conclusão, a associação de cetamina/xilazina/propofol é indicada para anestesia de tatus-peba submetidos à EEJ.(AU)

Avaliação dos efeitos do subgalato de bismuto na proliferação de miofibroblastos / Assessment of the effects of bismuth subgallate on proliferation of myofibroblasts: an experimental study in rats

Resumo Contexto O subgalato de bismuto é um metal pesado e insolúvel, utilizado por suas propriedades adstringentes e hemostáticas. Objetivo Avaliar os efeitos do subgalato de bismuto na cicatrização mediante observação de miofibroblastos em pele de ratos. Métodos Foram utilizados 60 ratos da linhagem Wistar, que receberam uma ferida no dorso da pele. Os animais foram divididos em dois grupos: controle (aplicação diária de cloreto de sódio a 0,9%) e experimental (aplicação diária de 0,5 mg de subgalato de bismuto). Cada grupo foi subdividido em três subgrupos, que foram reoperados para retirada da ferida em 3, 7 e 14 dias. Foi realizada coloração de hematoxilina eosina, picrosirius e imuno-histoquímica para avaliar contagem de miofibroblastos, resposta inflamatória e síntese de colágeno. Resultados Não foi encontrada diferença entre os grupos controle e experimento com relação ao processo inflamatório – subgrupos 3 dias (p = 1), 7 dias (p = 0,474) e 14 dias (p = 303). A avaliação dos colágenos tipo I e III no grupo-controle não demonstrou benefícios de cicatrização – 3 dias (p = 0,436), 7 dias (p = 0,853) e 14 dias (p = 0,436); já no grupo experimental, houve aumento dos colágenos tipos I e III nos subgrupos 3 e 14 dias (p = 0,005). A imuno-histoquímica confirmou os resultados encontrados na coloração hematoxilina eosina, na qual a área de miofibroblastos entre os subgrupos, nos grupos experimental (p = 0,4) e controle (p = 0,336), foi indiferente. Conclusão A utilização do subgalato de bismuto em ferida de pele de ratos não evidenciou benefícios na cicatrização, ou seja, não houve diferença na fibroplasia quando comparados os grupos experimental e controle.

Abstract Background Bismuth subgallate is an insoluble heavy metal that is used for its astringent and hemostatic properties. Objective To evaluate the effects of bismuth subgallate on the healing process by observation of myofibroblasts in the skin of rats. Methods A sample of 60 Wistar rats was used. Each rat was subjected to a dorsal skin wound and allocated to one of two groups: a control group, in which 0.9% sodium chloride was administered daily, or an experimental group, in which 0.5 mg of bismuth subgallate was administered daily. Each of these groups was further subdivided into three subsets, which were reoperated after 3, 7 and 14 days respectively for excision and collection of the skin wound specimens. Samples were treated with hematoxylin eosin, picrosirius, and immunohistochemical staining to enable assessment of myofibroblast counts, inflammatory response phase, and collagen synthesis. Results No inflammatory process differences were detected between the control and experimental groups at 3 days (p = 1), 7 days (p = 0.474), or 14 days (p = 303). Evaluation of types I and III collagen in the control group did not demonstrate healing benefits at 3 days (p = 0.436), 7 days (p = 0.853), or 14 days (p = 0.436); whereas in the experimental group there were increases in types I and III collagen at 3 and 14 days (p = 0.005). Immunohistochemical analysis confirmed the results of hematoxylin eosin staining, since there were no differences between subsets in terms of area of myofibroblasts, in the experimental (p = 0.4) or the control (p = 0.336) groups. Conclusions Administration of bismuth subgallate to skin wounds in rats did not result in any evidence of benefits to healing, i.e., no difference in fibroplasia was detected when experimental and control groups were compared.

Effect of different anesthetic agents on left ventricular systolic function assessed by echocardiography in hamsters

Determination of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) using in vivo imaging is the cardiac functional parameter most frequently employed in preclinical research. However, there is considerable conflict regarding the effects of anesthetic agents on LVEF. This study aimed at assessing the effects of various anesthetic agents on LVEF in hamsters using transthoracic echocardiography. Twelve female hamsters were submitted to echocardiography imaging separated by 1-week intervals under the following conditions: 1) conscious animals, 2) animals anesthetized with isoflurane (inhaled ISO, 3 L/min), 3) animals anesthetized with thiopental (TP, 50 mg/kg, intraperitoneal), and 4) animals anesthetized with 100 mg/kg ketamine plus 10 mg/kg xylazine injected intramuscularly (K/X). LVEF obtained under the effect of anesthetics (ISO=62.2±3.1%, TP=66.2±2.7% and K/X=75.8±1.6%) was significantly lower than that obtained in conscious animals (87.5±1.7%, P<0.0001). The K/X combination elicited significantly higher LVEF values compared to ISO (P<0.001) and TP (P<0.05). K/X was associated with a lower dispersion of individual LVEF values compared to the other anesthetics. Under K/X, the left ventricular end diastolic diameter (LVdD) was increased (0.60±0.01 cm) compared to conscious animals (0.41±0.02 cm), ISO (0.51±0.02 cm), and TP (0.55±0.01 cm), P<0.0001. The heart rate observed with K/X was significantly lower than in the remaining conditions. These results indicate that the K/X combination may be the best anesthetic option for the in vivo assessment of cardiac systolic function in hamsters, being associated with a lower LVEF reduction compared to the other agents and showing values closer to those of conscious animals with a lower dispersion of results.

Cetamina, xilazina e atropina, em doses calculadas por extrapolação alométrica interespecífica, para contenção farmacológica da cutia (Dasyprocta azarae) / Allometrically scaled dosages of ketamine, xylazine and atropine for chemical restraint of agouti (Dasyprocta azarae) / Ketamina, xilacina y atropina, en dosis calculadas por extrapolación alométrica interespecífica, para sujeción farmacológica del agutí (Dasyprocta azarae)

A cutia (Dasyprocta azarae) é um roedor neotropical que necessita ser contido por meios farmacológicos para a realização de certos procedimentos médicos e de manejo, em função de características comportamentais de defesa e grande susceptibilidade ao estresse. A combinação de cloridrato de cetamina, cloridrato de xilazina e sulfato de atropina foi administrada, por via intramuscular, a 53 cutias (33 machos e 20 fêmeas) com pesos entre 0,74 e 3,58 kg (2,071±0,678 kg), para possibilitar a realização de procedimentos de campo que incluíam determinação de sexo, biometria, marcação, exame físico e colheita de sangue e urina. Após a pesagem de cada cutia, a dose individual de cada um dos fármacos foi calculada por meio de extrapolação alométrica interespecífica, usando-se como modelo as doses usualmente recomendadas para um cão doméstico de 10 kg (cetamina ? 20,00mg/kg, xilazina ? 2,00mg/kg e atropina ? 0,05mg/kg). Em todos os animais a indução do estado de contenção foi rápida, sendo a reação postural de endireitamento abolida entre 0,5 e 5,0 minutos (2,02±1,21 minutos) após a injeção. A temperatura retal variou de 28,9 a 40,9ºC (36,38±2,04ºC), a frequência cardíaca variou de 72 a 240 b.p.m. (150,93±31,48 b.p.m.) e a frequência respiratória variou de 20 a 192 m.p.m. (80,63±29,09 m.p.m.).

The agouti (Dasyprocta azarae) is a neotropical rodent that requires chemical restraint for handling due to its susceptibility to stress and defensive behavior characteristics. Fifty-three agoutis (33 males and 20 females) weighing 0.74 to 3.58 kg (2.071±0.678 kg) were given ketamine hydrochloride, xylazine hydrochloride and atropine sulfate combined by i.m. injection during procedures that included sexing, measuring, marking, physical examinations and collecting blood and urine. All drug doses were calculated using the respective doses of a 10-kg dog as model. These doses are 20.00 mg/kg for ketamine, 2.00mg/kg for xylazine and 0.05mg/kg for atropine. In all individuals, immobilization was rapid and uneventful. Righting reflexes were abolished after 0.50 to 5.00 min (2.02±1.21 min). Body temperature fluctuated between 28.9 and 40.9ºC (36.38±2.04ºC), heart rates remained between 72 and 240 beats/min (150.93±31.48); and respiratory rates ranged between 20 and 192 breaths/min (80.63±29.09). Restraint quality was evaluated by measuring muscle relaxation at 10, 15, 25 and 35 min after injection. Chemical restraint was excellent in about 90.00% and good in about 5.00% of the cases.

El agutí (Dasyprocta azarae) es un roedor neo tropical que necesita ser sujetado por medios farmacológicos para ciertos procedimientos médicos y de manejo, debido a características comportamentales de defensa y gran susceptibilidad a el estrés. La combinación de clorhidrato de ketamina, clorhidrato de xilacina y sulfato de atropina fue administrada por vía intramuscular a 53 agutíes (33 machos e 20 hembras) con pesos entre 0,74 e 3,58 kg (2,071±0,678 kg), para posibilitar la realización de procedimientos de campo que incluyan determinación de sexo, biometría, marcación, examen físico y colecta de sangre y orina. Cada animal fue pesado y la dosis individual de cada uno de los fármacos fue calculada por extrapolación alométrica interespecífica, usándose como modelo las dosis usualmente recomendadas para un perro doméstico de 10 kg (ketamina ? 20,00mg/kg, xilacina ? 2,00mg/kg y atropina ? 0,05mg/kg). En todos los animales la inducción del estado de sujeción fue rápida, y la reacción postural de enderechamiento fue abolida entre 0,5 e 5,0 minutos (2,02±1,21 minutos) después de la inyección. La temperatura rectal varió de 28,9 a 40,9ºC (36,38±2,04ºC), la frecuencia cardíaca varió de 72 a 240 b.p.m. (150,93±31,48 b.p.m.) y la frecuencia respiratoria varió de 20 a 192 m.p.m. (80,63±29,09 m.p.m.).

A longevidade segundo histórias de vida de idosos longevos / La longevidad según historias de vida de ancianos longevos / Longevity according to life histories of the oldest-old

RESUMOObjetivo:interpretar as histórias de vida dos idosos longevos de uma comunidade, alicerçada na perspectiva do Envelhecimento Ativo e Curso de Vida.Método:pesquisa qualitativa, da qual participaram vinte idosos de 80 anos e mais, usuários de uma Unidade Básica de Saúde. As histórias de vida foram coletadas e analisadas segundo a proposta da Entrevista Narrativa Autobiográfica.Resultados:no processo analítico surgiram elementos presentes no passado e presente dos longevos, que contribuíram para o desenvolvimento de um modelo teórico: "Construindo a longevidade no curso de vida".Conclusãoa longevidade tem suas raízes no passado, fortemente infl uenciada pela cultura familiar e curso de vida, os pressupostos do Envelhecimento Ativo são mais expressivos na trajetória atual dos informantes. O teor das narrativas apontou novas possibilidades de intervenção da Enfermagem Gerontológica na Atenção Primária, visando à promoção e à prevenção da saúde, fundamentadas especialmente no respeito à cultura dos longevos.

RESUMENObjetivo:interpretar las historias de vida de ancianos longevos de una comunidad, basada en la perspectiva del Envejecimiento Activo y Curso de Vida.Método:es la investigación cualitativa. Participaron veinte ancianos de 80 años o más, usuarios de una Unidad Básica de Salud. Las historias de vida fueron obtenidas e analizadas de acuerdo a la propuesta de la Entrevista Narrativa Autobiográfica.Resultados:elementos presentes en el pasado y el presente de los longevos, contribuyeron para el desarrollo de un modelo teórico: "Construyendo la longevidad en el curso de vida".Conclusión:la longevidad tiene sus raíces en el pasado, muy infl uenciada por la cultura familiar y curso de vida, los presupuestos del Envejecimiento Activo son más expresivos en la trayectoria actual de los informantes. Las narrativas han apuntado nuevas posibilidades de intervención de la Enfermería Gerontológica en la Atención Primaria, con la finalidad de hacer promoción y prevención de la salud, fundamentada especialmente en el respeto a la cultura de los longevos.

ABSTRACTObjective:to interpret life histories of the oldest-old in a community, grounded on the perspective of the Active Aging and Life Course.Method:this is a qualitative research. Participants included twenty seniors 80 years and older, users of a Basic Health Unit. Life histories were collected and analyzed according to the proposition of the Autobiographical Narrative Interview.Results:during the analytic process, elements found in the elders' present and past arose, contributing to the development of a theoretical model: "Building longevity along the life course."Conclusion:longevity is rooted in the past, strongly infl uenced by the family culture and life course; assumptions of the Active Aging are more meaningful in the informants' present trajectory. The content of the narratives pointed to new possibilities of Gerontology Nursing intervention in Primary Care, aiming at health promotion and intervention, specially grounded on the respect to the oldest-elders' culture.

Produção científica da Enfermagem sobre promoção de saúde, condição crônica e envelhecimento / Producción científica de Enfermería de promoción de la salud, condición crónica y envejecimiento / Nursing scientific production on health promotion, chronic condition, and aging

RESUMOObjetivo:caracterizar a produção científica dos Programas de Pós-Graduação em Enfermagem do Brasil, sobre promoção da saúde com enfoque nas pessoas idosas em condição crônica, no período de 2006 a 2010.Método:pesquisa integrativa, realizada através da busca de dissertações e teses da base de dados do Centro de Estudos e Pesquisas em Enfermagem da Associação Brasileira de Enfermagem, publicados no período de 2006 a 2010, que focassem a promoção de saúde de idosos em condição crônica.Resultados:emergiram cinco categorias temáticas: "Convívio com a doença"; "Tecnologias de cuidado"; "Potencialidades para o autocuidado" "Dimensão psicoespiritual" e "Família cuidadora".Conclusão:pôde-se identificar a assistência de enfermagem como elemento fundamental para promover a saúde do indivíduo idoso e torná-lo mais independente de cuidados para conviver com suas limitações ou incapacidades, mesmo acometido por doenças crônicas.

RESUMENObjetivo:caracterizar la producción científica de la Postgraduate Nursing Brasil, en la promoción de la salud con especial atención a las personas mayores con enfermedades crónicas en el período 2006-2010.Método:la investigación integral realizada mediante la búsqueda de disertaciones y tesis en la base de datos del Centro de Estudios e Investigación en Enfermería Asociación Brasileña de Enfermería, publicada en el período 2006-2010, que se centrará en la promoción de la salud para las personas mayores con enfermedades crónicas.Resultados:cinco temas emergieron: "La convivencia con la enfermedad", "cuidado Technologies", "potencial para el propio cuidado" "dimensión psico-espiritual" y "cuidador familiar".Conclusión:se pudo identificar el cuidado de enfermería como un elemento clave para promover la salud de las personas mayores y que sea una atención más independiente que vivir con limitaciones o incapacidades, aún afectados por enfermedades crónicas.

ABSTRACTObjective:to characterize the scientific production of Postgraduate Programs Nursing in Brazil on health promotion with a focus on elderly people with chronic conditions in the period from 2006 to 2010.Method:integrative research developed by searching for dissertations and theses in the database of the Center for Nursing Studies and Research of the Brazilian Nursing Association published in the period from 2006 to 2010 and which focused on health promotion for elderly people with chronic conditions.Results:five themes emerged: "Living with the disease"; "Technologies of care", "Potential for self-care" "Psycho-spiritual dimension", and "Family caregiver".Conclusion:it was possible to identify nursing care as a key element to promote the health of elderly people and make them more independent in their care so as to live with their limitations or disabilities, even when affected by chronic diseases.

Bispectral index in calves anesthetized with xylazine, midazolam, ketamine, isoflurane and subjected to continuous rate infusion of lidocaine

PURPOSE: To assess the bispectral index (BIS) and recovery in calves anesthetized with xylazine, midazolam, ketamine and isoflurane and subjected to CRI of lidocaine. METHODS: Xilazine was administered followed by ketamine and midazolam, orotracheal intubation and maintenance on isoflurane using mechanical ventilation. Lidocaine (2 mg kg-1 bolus) or saline (0.9%) was administered IV followed by a CRI (100 µg kg-1 minute-1) of lidocaine (L) or saline (C). Were recorded BIS, heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP) and rectal temperature (RT) before administration of premedication (TB) and 15 minutes after (TX), before administering lidocaine (T0) and 20, 40, 60 and 80 minutes after the start of the CRI . Time do sternal recumbency (SRE) and standing (ST) and plasma lidocaine concentration also evaluated. RESULTS: In both treatments BIS decreased significantly at all times compared to TB. TX was higher than the subsequent times. HR decreased from baseline at all times and decreased from T40 in L compared to C. SRE was higher in L compared to C. CONCLUSIONS: Bispectral index values were consistent with the degree of hypnosis of the animals. Lidocaine did not potentiate isoflurane anesthesia assessed by BIS in unstimulated calves anesthetized with constant E´Iso. Lidocaine increased the time to sternal recumbency. .

Intraperitoneal co-administration of low dose urethane with xylazine and ketamine for extended duration of surgical anesthesia in rats / 한국실험동물학회지

Procedures involving complex surgical techniques in rats, such as placement of abdominal aortic graft require extended duration of surgical anesthesia, which often can be achieved by repeated administrations of xylazine-ketamine combination. However such repeated anesthetic administration, in addition to being technically challenging, may be associated with potential adverse events due to cumulative effects of anesthesia. We report here the feasibility of using urethane at low dose (~1/10 the recommended anesthetic dose) in combination with a xylazine-ketamine mix to achieve an extended duration of surgical anesthesia in rats. The anesthesia induction phase was quick and smooth with an optimal phase of surgical anesthesia achieved for up to 90 minutes, which was significantly higher compared to that achieved with use of only xylazine-ketamine combination. The rectal temperature, heart rate and respiratory rate were within the physiological range with an uneventful recovery phase. Post surgery the rats were followed up to 3 months without any evidence of tumor or any other adverse effects related to the use of the urethane anesthetic combination. We conclude that low dose urethane can be effectively used in combination with xylazine and ketamine to achieve extended duration of surgical anesthesia up to 90 minutes in rats.

Comparison of sucrose and ethanol-induced c-Fos-like immunoreactivity in the parabrachial nuclei and accumbens nucleus / 동물의과학연구지

Sucrose and alcohol are rewarding and appetitive. They are occasionally over-consumed and cause addiction. The parabrachial nuclei (PbN) are the second taste relay in the central taste pathway. The nucleus accumbens (NAcc) is an important neural substrate in the reward system. Intake of sucrose or alcohol induces dopamine release in the NAcc. Although alcohol is not classified as a taste stimulus, a substantial number of sucrose-responsive neurons in the PbN respond to stimulation by alcohol on the tongue. In the present study, we investigated whether or not application of 0.5 M sucrose, 10% ethanol (EtOH), mixture of sucrose and EtOH, and double-distilled water (DDW) to the tongue induces c-Fos-like immunoreactivity (cFLI) in the PbN and NAcc. We also examined whether or not the number of cFLI following sucrose/EtOH is comparable to the number of cFLIs following sucrose and EtOH, respectively. Male Sprague-Dwaley rat was anesthetized with a mixture of Zoletil and Rompun while stimulation solution was applied to the anterior tongue. The rat was sacrificed by perfusion, and the fixed brain was sectioned and immunostained. Data from a total of 18 animals were analyzed. The number of cFLI following stimulation with sucrose and/or EtOH was greater than that of DDW in the PbN. Numbers of cFLI following sucrose, EtOH, and sucrose/EtOH were not significantly different from each other in the PbN. The number of cFLI in response to stimulation solution was not different from that of DDW in the NAcc. The result of the present study suggests that not only sucrose but also EtOH activates some neurons in the PbN, and that some pontine neurons possibly respond to both sucrose and EtOH.

Comparação da contenção farmacológica com cetamina e xilazina, administradas pela via intramuscular no membro torácico ou pélvico, em jacarés-do-papo-amarelo juvenis / Comparison of pharmacological restraint with ketamine and xylazine, administered intramuscularly in the forelimb or hindlimb, in broad-snouted caiman juveniles

Os répteis possuem um sistema porta-renal, o qual pode desviar parte do sangue proveniente das porções caudais do corpo aos rins antes que a mesma atinja a circulação sistêmica. Em vista disto, vem sendo aconselhada a administração de medicamentos injetáveis nos membros torácicos, para que se evite a filtração imediata pelo parênquima renal, causando redução do efeito esperado. O objetivo do presente estudo foi comparar aspectos qualitativos e quantitativos da associação de cetamina (30 mg/kg) e xilazina (1 mg/kg), injetada no membro torácico ou pélvico, em jacarés-do-papo-amarelo (Caiman latirostris) juvenis. Oito animais machos com peso médio (±DP) de 1,3 (±0,3) kg e, aproximadamente, dois anos de idade foram anestesiados em duas ocasiões distintas com intervalo de sete dias. Em cada ocasião, os animais receberam, de forma aleatória, a associação anestésica por via intramuscular em membro torácico (tratamento MT) ou pélvico (tratamento MP). Foram avaliados os intervalos de tempo entre a administração do tratamento e a perda do reflexo de endireitamento (período de indução), entre a perda e o retorno desse reflexo (duração do efeito clínico importante) e entre o retorno do reflexo de endireitamento e os primeiros movimentos de deambulação (duração do efeito residual), as frequências cardíaca e respiratória e as temperaturas ambiental e cloacal. Os escores de sedação/anestesia foram avaliados através de uma escala com variação de 0 (alerta/consciente) a 10 (anestesia profunda/sobredosagem). No tratamento MP, dois animais não apresentaram perda de reflexo de endireitamento. Considerando somente aqueles que apresentaram a perda desse reflexo, o tempo de indução (21±9 e 17±5 minutos) e a duração do efeito clínico importante (35±19 e 43±21 minutos) e residual (28±31 e 12±11 minutos) foram similares entre os tratamentos MT e MP (média±desvio padrão)...

Reptiles possess a renal portal system which can divert part of the blood from the caudal portions of the body to the kidney before it reaches the systemic circulation. In view of this, it has been recommended the administration of injectable medications in the forelimbs, in order to avoid immediate glomerular filtration, which might result in a reduction of the expected effect. The aim of this study was to compare qualitative and quantitative aspects of the pharmacological restraint provided by the combination of ketamine (30mg/kg) and xylazine (1mg/kg), injected into the forelimb or hindlimb, in broad-snouted caiman juveniles (Caiman latirostris). Eight male animals, with a mean weight (±SD) of 1.3 (±0.3) kg, and aged about 2 years old, were anesthetized on two separate occasions with an interval of 7 days. On each occasion, the animals were randomly assigned to receive the anesthetic combination intramuscularly into the forelimb (FL treatment) or hindlimb (HL treatment). The time intervals between administration of treatment and loss of the righting reflex (induction time), between the loss and return of this reflex (duration of important clinical effect), and between the return of the righting reflex and first movements of ambulation (duration of residual effect) were measured as well as heart and respiratory rates and cloacal and environmental temperatures. Sedation/anesthesia scores were evaluated using a scale ranging from 0 (alert/conscious) to 10 (deep anesthesia/overdose). In the HL treatment, loss of righting reflex was not observed in two animals. Considering only those animals whose loss of righting reflex was observed, the induction time (21±9 and 17±5 minutes), the duration of important clinical effect (35±19 and 43±21 minutes), and the duration of residual effect (28±31 and 12±11 minutes) were similar between the FL and HL treatments, respectively (mean±SD). Sedation/anesthesia scores were significantly higher than at baseline...

Cetamina, xilazina e atropina, em doses calculadas por extrapolação alométrica interespecífica, para contenção farmacológica da cutia (Dasyprocta azarae) / Allometrically scaled dosages of ketamine, xylazine and atropine for chemical restraint of agouti (Dasyprocta azarae) / Ketamina, xilacina y atropina, en dosis calculadas por extrapolación alométrica interespecífica, para sujeción farmacológica del agutí (Dasyprocta azarae)

A cutia (Dasyprocta azarae) é um roedor neotropical que necessita ser contido por meios farmacológicos para a realização de certos procedimentos médicos e de manejo, em função de características comportamentais de defesa e grande susceptibilidade ao estresse. A combinação de cloridrato de cetamina, cloridrato de xilazina e sulfato de atropina foi administrada, por via intramuscular, a 53 cutias (33 machos e 20 fêmeas) com pesos entre 0,74 e 3,58 kg (2,071±0,678 kg), para possibilitar a realização de procedimentos de campo que incluíam determinação de sexo, biometria, marcação, exame físico e colheita de sangue e urina. Após a pesagem de cada cutia, a dose individual de cada um dos fármacos foi calculada por meio de extrapolação alométrica interespecífica, usando-se como modelo as doses usualmente recomendadas para um cão doméstico de 10 kg (cetamina – 20,00mg/kg, xilazina – 2,00mg/kg e atropina – 0,05mg/kg). Em todos os animais a indução do estado de contenção foi rápida, sendo a reação postural de endireitamento abolida entre 0,5 e 5,0 minutos (2,02±1,21 minutos) após a injeção. A temperatura retal variou de 28,9 a 40,9ºC (36,38±2,04ºC), a frequência cardíaca variou de 72 a 240 b.p.m. (150,93±31,48 b.p.m.) e a frequência respiratória variou de 20 a 192 m.p.m. (80,63±29,09 m.p.m.). Avaliou-se a qualidade da contenção farmacológica com base no miorrelaxamento observado aos dez, 15, 25 e 35 minutos após a injeção. A contenção farmacológica foi excelente em cerca de 90,00% dos casos, e boa em outros 5,00%. A qualidade da analgesia foi avaliada, principalmente, por meio das rea- ções de nocicepção ao pinçamento de um dígito do membro torácico esquerdo aos dez, 15, 25 e 35 minutos após a injeção, e foi ruim em mais de 50,00% dos casos...

The agouti (Dasyprocta azarae) is a neotropical rodent that requires chemical restraint for handling due to its susceptibility to stress and defensive behavior characteristics. Fifty-three agoutis (33 males and 20 females) weighing 0.74 to 3.58 kg (2.071±0.678 kg) were given ketamine hydrochloride, xylazine hydrochloride and atropine sulfate combined by i.m. injection during field procedures that included sexing, measuring, marking, physical examinations and collecting blood and urine. All drug doses were calculated using the respective doses of a 10-kg dog as model. These doses are 20.00 mg/ kg for ketamine, 2.00mg/kg for xylazine and 0.05mg/kg for atropine. In all individuals, immobilization was rapid and uneventful. Righting reflexes were abolished after 0.50 to 5.00 min (2.02±1.21 min). Body temperature fluctuated between 28.9 and 40.9ºC (36.38±2.04ºC), heart rates remained between 72 and 240 beats/min (150.93±31.48); and respiratory rates ranged between 20 and 192 breaths/min (80.63±29.09). Restraint quality was evaluated by measuring muscle relaxation at 10, 15, 25 and 35 min after injection. Chemical restraint was excellent in about 90.00% and good in about 5.00% of the cases. Analgesia quality was evaluated mainly by measuring the reactions to painful stimuli such as pinching of a digit in the left thoracic limb at 10, 15, 25 e 35 min after injection, and was poor in more than 50.00% of the cases. Recovery occurred without psychomotor disturbances, and every animal remained calm until normal ambulation resumed between 105 and 277 min (164.94 ±37.14 min). The proposed method was safe for both animals and the human personnel. It is recommended for routine management and stressful but not painful medical procedures like physical examination, measuring, sexing, and urine and blood collection in D. azarae. This article rescues data obtained in an investigation performed back in 1998...

El agutí (Dasyprocta azarae) es un roedor neo tropical que necesita ser sujetado por medios farmacológicos para ciertos procedimientos médicos y de manejo, debido a características comportamentales de defensa y gran susceptibilidad a el estrés. La combinación de clorhidrato de ketamina, clorhidrato de xilacina y sulfato de atropina fue administrada por vía intramuscular a 53 agutíes (33 machos e 20 hembras) con pesos entre 0,74 e 3,58 kg (2,071±0,678 kg), para posibilitar la realización de procedimientos de campo que incluyan determinación de sexo, biometría, marcación, examen físico y colecta de sangre y orina. Cada animal fue pesado y la dosis individual de cada uno de los fármacos fue calculada por extrapolación alométrica interespecífica, usándose como modelo las dosis usualmente recomendadas para un perro doméstico de 10 kg (ketamina – 20,00mg/kg, xilacina – 2,00mg/kg y atropina – 0,05mg/kg). En todos los animales la inducción del estado de sujeción fue rápida, y la reacción postural de enderechamiento fue abolida entre 0,5 e 5,0 minutos (2,02±1,21 minutos) después de la inyección. La temperatura rectal varió de 28,9 a 40,9ºC (36,38±2,04ºC), la frecuencia cardíaca varió de 72 a 240 b.p.m. (150,93±31,48 b.p.m.) y la frecuencia respiratoria varió de 20 a 192 m.p.m. (80,63±29,09 m.p.m.). Se evaluó la calidad de la sujeción farmacológica, basado en el relajamiento muscular observado a los 10, 15, 25 y 35 minutos después de la inyección. La sujeción farmacológica fue excelente en casi 90,00% de los casos, y buena en otros 5,00%. La calidad de la analgesia fue evaluada principalmente por las reacciones de sensibilidad dolorosa al pinzamiento de un dígito del miembro torácico izquierdo a los 10, 15, 25 e 35 minutos después de la inyección, y fue ruin en más de 50,00% de los casos...